Composition Of Whole Earth

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GALAXY

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The Photograph by Shirley Toulson - Question & Answers

 
 

1) What does the word ‘cardboard’ denote in the poem? Why has this word been used?


Ans: The cardboard means a very stiff and thick paper, here the cardboard is a part of the frame that keeps the photograph intact. It's use in poem is ironical  It keeps the photograph of that 12 year old girl safe who herself was terribly transient  The player's mother had died some years ago.

2) What has the camera captured?
Ans: The camera had captured all the three girls alive in it. It has captured the pretty face of the poet's mother who as a girl of twelve at that time. It has also captured the smiling faces of the two girl cousins Betty and Dolly. They are holding the hands of the poet's mother.

3) What has not changed over the years? Does this suggest something to you?
Ans: The sea has not changed over the years. It rings out the transient nature and its object. Time spares none. The pretty faces and the feet of the three girls are terribly transient or moral when compared to the ageless and unchangeable sea. 

4) The poet’s mother laughed at the snapshot. What did this laugh indicate?
Ans: The poet's mother laughs at the snapshot which was taken years ago. In the photograph, she as well as her two little cousins stood at the each. She laughed at the ay all of them were dressed up for the beach. Perhaps they looked funny. Their laughter indicated the youthful spirit.

5) What is the meaning of the line “Both wry with the laboured ease or loss”
Ans: Both the mother and the poet suffered a great sense of loss. The mother has lost her childhood innocence and joyful spirit that the photograph has captured some years ago. For the poet, the smile of her mother has become thing of the past. She has silently resigned to her faith. Ironically both labour to bear their loss with ease. 


6) What does "this circumstance" refer to?
Ans: The circumstance refers to the death of the poet's mother. The photograph of her dead mother brings sad nostalgic feelings in the past. But the poet has nothing to say at all about the circumstance. The silence of the poet makes the silence prevailing their still deeper.

7) The three stanzas depict three different phases. What are they?
Ans: In the first stanza, the poet's mother is shown as a twelve year old girl with pretty smiling face. Then she is paddling with her two girl cousins. This face is before the poet's birth. The second face describes the middle aged mother laughing at her own snapshot. The third face describes the chilling pale of silence that the death of her mother has left of the past.

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how to write letter in hindi

Official Letter in Hindi

Let me show you the format of official letter in Hindi. Let’s write a letter to the regional income tax officer to notify him or her about a mistake in your income tax for the previous year.

A official letter usually start with the sender address. In Hindi letter, it is usually positioned on the upper right corner.

विजय सिंह, (Your name)
B–26 महारानी बाग, (House number and street/ locality name)
नई दिल्ली। (name of the state)

दिनांक : 24.04.2012 (date)

After placing your address, place 2 line breaks and then detail of the concerned official with name of the department and location on the left side.

सेवा में, (To)
श्रीयुत आयकर आधिकारी,  (Official title to which the letter is addressed)
नई दिल्ली विभाग, (Name of the department or institute)
नई दिल्ली (Name of the state)

Then comes the subject of the letter after 2 line breaks as,

विषय (Subject) : आयकर में त्रुटि। (Error in Income Tax)

After the subject line, place 2 line breaks and address the the receiver as ,

मान्यवर (Excellency) or
महोदय (Sir) or महोदया (Madam)

Now, after placing 2 line breaks the sender writes the main message of the letter,

मैं आपको सूचित करना चाहता हूँ की मेरे वित्त वर्ष २०१४ के आयकर में त्रुटि है। मेरा आपसे निवेदन है की कृपया मेरे वित्त वर्ष २०१४ के आयकर में यथाशीघ्र त्रुटि का निवारण करने का कष्ट करे।

(I would like to bring to your notice that there is a mistake in my income tax for the financial year of 2014. I would like to request to you to correct the mistake in my income tax for the financial year as soon as possible.)

After the main message we close the letter with the following in the lower left corner after 2 line breaks,

धन्यवाद, (Thank you)

भवदीय (Yours truly, or yours sincerely)
विजय सिंह (Your name)

Now, you can combine all the part and you have your this official letter. The above mentioned part combine to produce the sample official letter on the error in income tax and look like this,

विजय सिंह, (Your name)
B–26 महारानी बाग, (House number and street/ locality name)
नई दिल्ली। (name of the state)

दिनांक : 24.04.2012 (date)

सेवा में, (To)
श्रीयुत आयकर आधिकारी,  (Official title to which the letter is addressed)
नई दिल्ली विभाग, (Name of the department or institute)
नई दिल्ली (Name of the state)
विषय (Subject) : आयकर में त्रुटि। (Error in Income Tax)
मान्यवर (Excellency) or
महोदय (Sir) or महोदया (Madam)
मैं आपको सूचित करना चाहता हूँ की मेरे वित्त वर्ष २०१४ के आयकर में त्रुटि है। मेरा आपसे निवेदन है की कृपया मेरे वित्त वर्ष २०१४ के आयकर में यथाशीघ्र त्रुटि का निवारण करने का कष्ट करे।
(I would like to bring to your notice that there is a mistake in my income tax for the financial year of 2014. I would like to request to you to correct the mistake in my income tax for the financial year as soon as possible.)
धन्यवाद, (Thank you)
भवदीय (Yours truly, or yours sincerely)
विजय सिंह (Your name)

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10th: Ch 1 Power Sharing Civics Social Studies (S.St)

Excercises

1. What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.

Answer

The different forms of power sharing in modern democracies are:

→ Horizontal Division of Power
It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government, for example, power sharing by the executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. In this type of power sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercised different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power, thereby putting a check on each other.

→ Vertical Division of Power
It is a system of power sharing among governments at different levels. For example, a general government for the entire country and governments at provincial or regional levels. In India, we refer to it as the Central Government, State Governments, Municipality, Gram Panchayat etc. The Constitution lays down the powers of different levels of government.

→ Division of Power among different Social Groups
Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially like different religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community Government’ in Belgium is a good example of this type of power sharing. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example. Such an arrangement is used to give minority communities a fair share in power, who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.

→ Division of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements
In contemporary democracies such a division takes the form of competition among different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups.

2. State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context.

Answer

→ Prudential Reason: Power sharing helps in reducing the conflict between various social groups. Hence, power sharing is necessary for maintaining social harmony and peace. In India, seats are reserved for the weaker sections of society. Example : reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. This allows the weaker sections also to participate in the running of the Government.

→ Moral Reason: It upholds the spirit of democracy. In a truly democratic setup, the citizens too have a stake in governance. In India, the citizens can come together to debate and criticise the policies and decisions of the government. This in turn puts pressure on the government to rethink its policies and reconsider its decisions.

3. After reading this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Thomman - Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions.
Mathayi - Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisons.
Ouseph - Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions.

Answer

Ouseph's statement is the most logical, and thus, should be agreed on. Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions. A democratic society is one where its members or citizens through participation acquire a stake in the system. Power sharing not only prevents conflict between various groups in the society but it also generates a sense of belongingness among them to the society. Power sharing helps to maintain a balance of power among various institutions and also keep a check on how it is exercised. Irrespective of the size of a country or the type of a society, people will be more satisfied where they have a say in the functioning and decision making processes of the system.

4. The Mayor of Mrchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that a ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate in this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50 words.

Answer

No, This measure is not in keeping with Belgium's power sharing arrangements. The arrangements seek to maintain peace between the French and Dutch-speaking communities. By banning French, the mayor will cause civil unrest. Both the languages should be made acceptable in the town's schools. This bilingual education system will be a better way to integrate the people of the town.

Page No: 5

5. Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this.
"We need to give more power to the panchayats to realise the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers of our Constitution. Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy - in the hands of the people. Given power to panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy."

Answer

The prudential reason for power sharing offered in this passage is giving power to panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency.

6. Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power sharing. Identify those which are in favour of power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below? Power sharing:
A. reduces conflict among different communities
B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness
C. delays decision making process
D. accommodates diversities
E. increases instability and divisiveness
F. promotes people's participation in government
G. undermines the unity of a country

(a)	A	B	D	F
(b)	A	C	E	F
(c)	A	B	D	G
(d)	B	C	D	G

Answer

(a)

A

B

D

F

7. Consider the following statements about power sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka.
A. In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the minority French-speaking community.
B. In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala-speaking majority.
C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs.
D. The transformation of Belgium from unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B, C and D
(b) A, B and D
(c) C and D
(d) B, C and D

Answer

(d) B, C and D

Page No: 12

8. Match list I (forms of power sharing) with List II (forms of government) and select the correct answer using the codes given below in the lists:

	List I		List II
1.	Power shared among different organs of government	Α.	Community government
2.	Power shared among governments at different levels	Β.	Separation of powers
3.	Power shared by different social groups	C.	Coalition government
4.	Power shared by two or more political parties	D.	Federal government

	1	2	3	4
(a)	D	A	B	C
(b)	B	C	D	A
(c)	B	D	A	C
(d)	C	D	A	B

Answer

	1	2	3	4
(c)	B	D	A	C

9. Consider the following two statements on power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below:
A. Power sharing is good for democracy.
B. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
Which of these statements are true and false?

(a) A is true but B is false

(b) Both A and B are true

(c) Both A and B are false

(d) A is false but B is true

Answer

(b) Both A and B are true

  

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Lesson – 8 Novels, Society and History

Lesson – 8

Novels, Society and History

Short Answers Type Questions

Q.1: - “Novels were useful for both the colonial administrators and Indians in colonial India.” Support the statement with example.

Ans.:- To colonial administration –

     1. A source to understand native life and customs.

     2. It helped to govern Indian society with various communities and castes.

     3. Novels helped to know the domestic life dresses religious worships etc.

     4. Some of the books were translated into English by British administrators or Christian missioners.

To Indians –

       1. Indians used the novels as a powerful medium to criticize defects what they considered in the society and to suggest remedies.

       2. To established relationship to its past.

       3. To propagate their ideas about society.

       4. It glorified the accounts of the past and helped in creating sense of National Pride among the readers.

       5. Novels helped in creating a sense of collective belongingness on the basis of one’s language. Any other relevant point.

Q.2: - Explain how did novels became a popular medium of entertainment among the middle class during late 19th century.

Ans.:- 1. The world created by novels were absorbing, believable and seemingly real.

          2. While reading novels, The readers was transported to another person’s world and began looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the novel.

          3. Novels allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private as well as publicity.

          4. The storied of novels were discussed in homes meetings or even in offices.

Q.3: - What were the advantages of serialized novels—

Ans.:-1. A story is published in installments, keeping the suspense for the next issue.

         2. Serialization allowed readers to relish the suspense discuss the characters of a novel and live for weeks with their stories.

         3. This was possible science the magazines were illustrated and cheap and affordable.

Q.4: - What were the advantages of vernacular novels?

Ans.:-1. They were written in the language of common people.

         2. Vernacular novels produced a sense of shared world between diverse people of a nation.

         3. Novels also draw from different styles of languages. A novel may tale a classical language and combine it with the language of street to make them all a part of vernacular that it uses.

         4. Novels were read individually. Sometimes in groups also.

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Lesson - 5 The Age of Industrialization

Lesson - 5

The Age of Industrialization

Short Answers Type Questions

Q.1: - What was the result of First World War on Indian industries?

Ans.:- First World War gave a great boost to the Indian Industries because of the following reasons-

      1. The British mills became busy with the production of War materials so all its exports to India virtually stopped.

      2. Suddenly Indian mills got clearance to produce different articles for the home market.

      3. The Indian factories were called upon to supply various war related material like- Jute bags, clothes for uniforms, tents and leather boots for the forces and so on.

Q.2: - Who was a jobber? Explain his functions.

Ans.:- Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker.

     1. He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis.

     2. Jobbers became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favor he did and started controlling the lives of workers.

Q.3: - What were the problems of Indians weavers at the early 19th century?

Ans.:- 1. Shortage of raw material – as raw cotton exports from India increased the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.

          2. Clashes with Gomasthas- the Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So the weavers clashed with them.

          3. System of Advances- The Britishers started the system of advances to regularizes the supply. The weavers eagerly took the advances in a hope to earn more but they failed to do so. They even started loosing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated.

Q.4: - What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’?

Ans.:-1. There is an angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time.

         2. The fight is taking into the future.

         3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory.

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chapter 1 {question and answer}

क) निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए −

1. मीठी वाणी बोलने से औरों को सुख और अपने तन को शीतलता कैसे प्राप्त होती है?

उत्तर

मीठी वाणी बोलने से सुनने वाले के मन से क्रोध और घृणा के भाव नष्ट हो जाते हैं। इसके साथ ही हमारा अंतःकरण भी प्रसन्न जाता है। प्रभावस्वरूप औरों को सुख और तन को शीतलता प्राप्त होती है।

2. दीपक दिखाई देने पर अँधियारा कैसे मिट जाता है? साखी के संदर्भ में स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर

यहाँ दीपक का मतलब भक्तिरूपी ज्ञान तथा अन्धकार का मतलब अज्ञानता से है। जिस प्रकार दीपक के जलने  अन्धकार समाप्त हो जाता है ठीक उसी प्रकार जब ज्ञान का प्रकाश हृदय में जलता है तब मन के सारे विकार अर्थात भ्रम, संशय का नाश हो जाता है।

3. ईश्वर कण-कण में व्याप्त है, पर हम उसे क्यों नहीं देख पाते?

उत्तर

हमारा मन अज्ञानता, अहंकार, विलासिताओं में डूबा है। हम उसे मंदिर, मस्जिदों में  ढूंढ़ते हैं जबकि वह सब ओर व्याप्त है। इस कारण हम ईश्वर को नहीं देख पाते हैं।

4. संसार में सुखी व्यक्ति कौन है और दुखी कौन? यहाँ 'सोना' और 'जागना' किसके प्रतीक हैं? इसका प्रयोग यहाँ क्यों किया गया है? स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर

कवि के अनुसार संसार में वो लोग सुखी हैं, जो संसार में व्याप्त सुख-सुविधाओं का भोग करते हैं और दुखी वे हैं, जिन्हें ज्ञान की प्राप्ति हो गई है। 'सोना' अज्ञानता का प्रतीक है और 'जागना' ज्ञान का प्रतीक है। जो लोग सांसारिक सुखों में खोए रहते हैं, जीवन के भौतिक सुखों में लिप्त रहते हैं वे सोए हुए हैं और जो सांसारिक सुखों को व्यर्थ समझते हैं, अपने को ईश्वर के प्रति समर्पित करते हैं वे ही जागते हैं। वे संसार की दुर्दशा को दूर करने के लिए चिंतित रहते हैं।

5. अपने स्वभाव को निर्मल रखने के लिए कबीर ने क्या उपाय सुझाया है?

उत्तर

अपने स्वभाव को निर्मल रखने के लिए कबीर ने बताया है कि हमें अपने आसपास निंदक रखने चाहिए ताकि वे हमारी त्रुटियों को बता सके। निंदक हमारे सबसे अच्छे हितैषी होते हैं। उनके द्वारा बताए गए त्रुटियों को दूर करके हम अपने स्वभाव को निर्मल बना सकते हैं।

6. 'ऐकै अषिर पीव का, पढ़ै सु पंडित होई' −इस पंक्ति द्वारा कवि क्या कहना चाहता है?

उत्तर

इन पंक्तियों द्वारा कवि ने प्रेम की महत्ता को बताया है। ईश्वर को पाने के लिए एक अक्षर प्रेम का अर्थात ईश्वर को पढ़ लेना ही पर्याप्त है। बड़े-बड़े पोथे या ग्रन्थ पढ़ कर कोई पंडित नहीं बन जाता। केवल परमात्मा का नाम स्मरण करने से ही सच्चा ज्ञानी बना जा सकता है।

7. कबीर की उद्धृत साखियों की भाषा की विशेषता स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर

कबीर ने अपनी साखियाँ सधुक्कड़ी भाषा में लिखी है। इनकी भाषा मिलीजुली है। इनकी साखियाँ संदेश देने वाली होती हैं। वे जैसा बोलते थे वैसा ही लिखा है। लोकभाषा का भी प्रयोग हुआ है;जैसे- खायै, नेग, मुवा, जाल्या, आँगणि आदि भाषा में लयबद्धता, उपदेशात्मकता, प्रवाह, सहजता, सरलता शैली है।

(ख) भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए -

1. बिरह भुवंगम तन बसै, मंत्र न लागै कोइ।

उत्तर 

इस पंक्ति का भाव है कि जिस व्यक्ति के हृदय में ईश्वर के प्रति प्रेम रुपी विरह का सर्प बस जाता है, उस पर कोई मंत्र असर नहीं करता है। अर्थात भगवान के विरह में कोई भी जीव सामान्य नहीं रहता है। उस पर किसी बात का कोई असर नहीं होता है।

2. कस्तूरी कुंडलि बसै, मृग ढूँढै बन माँहि।

उत्तर

इस पंक्ति में कबीर कहते हैं कि जिस प्रकार हिरण अपनी नाभि से आती सुगंध पर मोहित रहता है परन्तु वह यह नहीं जानता कि यह सुगंध उसकी नाभि में से आ रही है। वह उसे इधर-उधर ढूँढता रहता है। उसी प्रकार अज्ञानी भी वास्तविकता से अनजान रहता है। वे आनंदस्वरूप ईश्वर को प्राप्त करने के लिए विभिन्न धार्मिक अनुष्ठानों में लिप्त रहता है। वह आत्मा में विद्यमान ईश्वर की सत्ता को पहचान नही पाता।

3. जब मैं था तब हरि नहीं, अब हरि हैं मैं नाँहि।

उत्तर

इस पंक्ति द्वारा कबीर का कहना है कि जब तक मनुष्य में अज्ञान रुपी अंधकार छाया है वह ईश्वर को नहीं पा सकता। अर्थात अहंकार और ईश्वर का साथ-साथ रहना नामुमकिन है। जब ईश्वर की प्राप्ति हो जाती है तब अहंकार दूर हो जाता है।

4. पोथी पढ़ि पढ़ि जग मुवा, पंडित भया न कोइ।

उत्तर

कबीर के अनुसार बड़े ग्रंथ, शास्त्र पढ़ने भर से कोई ज्ञानी नहीं होता। अर्थात ईश्वर की प्राप्ति नहीं कर पाता। प्रेम से इश्वर का स्मरण करने से ही उसे प्राप्त किया जा सकता है। प्रेम में बहुत शक्ति होती है।

भाषा अध्यन

1. पाठ में आए निम्नलिखित शब्दों के प्रचलित रुप उदाहरण के अनुसार लिखिए।

उदाहरण − जिवै - जीना
औरन, माँहि, देख्या, भुवंगम, नेड़ा, आँगणि, साबण, मुवा, पीव, जालौं, तास। 

उत्तर

जिवै - जीना
औरन - औरों को
माँहि - के अंदर (में)
देख्या - देखा
भुवंगम - साँप
नेड़ा - निकट
आँगणि - आँगन
साबण - साबुन
मुवा - मुआ
पीव - प्रेम
जालौं - जलना
तास - उसका

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